Similarities Between Mitochondria And Bacteria Biology Essay

Similarities Between Mitochondria And bacterium Biology EssayBacteria be believed to be among the oldest cells on Earth, fossils indicate bacteria- analogous organisms were rough al well-nigh 3.5 meg years ago. They argon unicellular micro-organisms that lack a tissue layer dance nucleus and contain no organelles. Many people consider them to be the cause of many diseases, which they are, exactly the human body contains trillions of bacteria, aiding formes such as containion and growth. Mitochondria on the otherwise hand are organelles constitute in the bulk of eucaryotic cells, they produce thrust in the form of adenosine triphosphate (adenosine triphosphate). What could these organelles make in eukaryotes have in common with bacteria, which are prokaryotes? Hope righty this essay entrust address that question and attempt to answer it. To achieve this in the offset printing section of this essay I will consider the structural akin(predicate)ities betwixt them both. I will then go on to compare the operating(a) akin(predicate)ities in the second section of this essay which will then be followed by a section outlining and explaining the endosymbiotic scheme which should help to clarify the earlier sections. Finally I will summarise the homogeneousities betwixt mitochondria and bacteria and the causes of these similarities and the robustness of the possible action explaining them.StructureAt first glance bacteria and mitochondria t wiz to have a precise different internal structure and raise withal have a radically different external shape, entirely inside they do share nearly similarities. The internal structure of bacteria is very simple, it contains no membrane bound organelles, but instead it contains a nucleoid which is the central part of the cell and it is where the DNA is generally confined to. Ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm of the bacteria as well as storage granules. All bacteria have a plasma membrane, most also have a cell wall and spell some have a capsule, others do not (1). Some bacteria also have flagella which are tiny whip-like structures often located at one end of the cell. Although they vary in size greatly, common bacteria such as Escherichia coli are about 2m in length, when examine this to mitochondria they are very similar in length but like bacteria, the shapes and sizes of mitochondria vary significantly depending on what species or cell they are found in (2).Mitochondria are located in the cytoplasm of both carnal and plant cells they are cylindrical structures that consist of an outer membrane, inner membrane and matrix. Like bacteria, mitochondria also have their own circular DNA genome which is go to pieces from the nucleus of the cell which is located in the matrix. The membrane of the mitochondria is also very similar to the membrane found nearly the bacteria it is double layered and is do up from lipids, just like a prokaryotes membrane. This is interesting as i t shows no similarities with a eukaryotic cells cytoplasm, but instead it is very similar to the composition of a bacterial membrane. The inner folds of the mitochondrial membrane, cristae, are very similar to mesosomes found in bacteria. Mitochondria also contain ribosomes similar to those found in bacteria this will be explained further in the next section. hightail itThe main give-up the ghost of bacteria, like any organism, is to reproduce, and while mitochondrias main function is to produce energy in the form of ATP it also unavoidably to reproduce. Mitochondria are formed by a process very similar to binary fission, the method by which bacteria divide. When a bacterium reaches a certain size, it splits down the middle to create two organisms. In a mitochondrion the nucleus signals the cell to produce more organelles, but and the mitochondria actually replicate themselves while other organelles have to be made up from substances present within the cell. There is an electron transport strand found in both the plasma membrane around a prokaryote as well as in the membrane around the mitochondria but it is absent in membrane of eukaryotic cells.Proteins are essential in a cell to perform all functions and all subtraction of these proteins takes place in ribosome these ribosomes are present throughout the cell but mitochondria have their own ribosomes to produce the proteins they need. Chemical and microscopic analysis shows how the structures of mitochondrial and bacterial ribosomes share more similarities with each other than with ribosomes in eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are 80S in size while ribosomes found in bacteria and mitochondria are 70S in size (3). champion essay carried out by Margulis showed that the protein synthesis of both mitochondria and bacteria are sensitive to erythromycin and chloramphenicol and insensitive to cyclohexamide and emetine whilst cytoribosomal protein synthesis is insensiti ve to erythromycin and chloramphenicol and is usually sensitive to cyclohexamide and emetine, suggesting that mitochondrial ribosomes are different from those found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, and are similar to those found in bacteria. This experiment among other structural and functional similarities lead to Margulis to formulate the theory of endosymbiosis.EndosymbiosisThe theory of endosymbiosis had been around before the conclusion published by Lynn Margulis, but it was her lay down that made it a widely accepted theory among biologists. Included in her hypothesis was the thought that mitochondria are the result of endocytosis of aerobic bacteria. This would explain the similarities between mitochondria and bacteria, and why mitochondria differ from what would be expected from a typical eukaryotic organelle. The theory purposes that a proto-eukaryotic cell ingested an aerobic bacterium but it failed to digest it. The aerobic cell then thrived due to the cells cytopl asm being full of partially digested food molecules, and some of the ATP may have leaked into the cells cytoplasm. This occurred around a time where the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere was increase and aerobic respiration was advantageous to survive (3). An increase in ATP must have caused a growth advantage to the proto-eukaryote, enabling it to reign over other cells that lacked cell walls and endosymbionts. The endosymbiont, originally the aerobic bacterium, eventually became pendant on the host for both protection and nutrients, meaning on that point was microscopic need for genes involved in these processes. On the other hand, due to the endosymbiont notwithstanding being permitted to remain if it continued to capture and store energy, there was a hygienic selective pressure to retain the genes involved in energy capture and storage. Eventually genes whose products were of no use to the host eroded and were at long last lost. Finally as the genome reduction co ntinued, the endosymbiont evolved into an energy-providing organelle. However, some more recent look suggests that the endosymbiont may have been an anaerobic bacterium with a fermentative metabolism (4). The bacterium that was originally engulfed is believed to have evolved into a mitochondrion that enabled the evolution of larger organisms.The endosymbiotic theory is well supported, although there are many different variations of it there is strong evidence that suggests mitochondria did originate from bacteria. The similarities in the previous sections are all evidence pointing towards endosymbiosis and this theory explains why bacteria and mitochondria have much in common, and why the mitochondrias function and structure often defies what would be expected from a eukaryotic organelle.ConclusionThe similarities between bacteria and mitochondria are easy to see disrespect belonging to different domains. When a mitochondrion is looked at in level there are obvious differences to a eukaryotic cell and other organelles present in the eukaryotic cytoplasm, the biggest of these is perhaps the presence of mitochondrial DNA, but there are similarities in many other aspects of a mitochondrion. Their primary functions may be different but bacteria and mitochondria still share process such as binary fission. All this evidence leads to the endosymbiotic theory which offers an business relationship for these similarities, although many parts of it are still being debated. This theory allows us to understand how single cell organisms developed into the vast array of analyzable organisms that are present 3.5 billion years after the first bacteria are thought to have existed.