The Joy Of Laughter :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Joy Of LaughterLaughter is defined by dictionary.com as the bout of expressing certain emotions, especially mirth or delight, by a series of spontaneous, usually unarticulated sounds often accompanied by corresponding facial and bodied movements.(1) A thesaurus offers immense amounts of synonyms for the word laugh, including giggle, cackle, chortle, snort, chuckle, crow, howl, snicker, snigger, convulse, titter, and the list goes on.(2) There are many words to describe jest because it is such an integral small-arm of our lives. The question of why we laugh may first be answered by looking at laughter in the purely physiological sense, which has been studied as gelotology. Then we can look at the effects of laughter, not just physically, but mentally and affablely as well. After going over the oft-overlooked orbit of laughter, we can delve into the motivations behind our laughter.The actual flow of physical effects in the brain after hearing a joke are as follows. First, the left side of the cortex analyzes the words and structure of the joke. Then the brains large frontal lobe becomes very active. This part of the brain has a lot to do with social emotional responses. After this, the right hemisphere of the cortex helps with comprehension of the joke. Then stimulation of the motor sections occurred, producing the physical responses of laughter.(3) The production of laughter is also highly bear on with certain parts of the brain. For example, the aboriginal cortex has been found to have a negative electrical wave as a person laughs. The hypothalamus, part of the central cortex, has been found to be a main contributor to the production of loud, uncontrollable laughter.The combination of the set of gestures and production of sound is what makes up laughter. The actual muscles that create a smile are fifteen facial muscles which contract and stimulate the zygomatic major muscle, which basically lifts your upper lip. When the epiglottis half-close the la rynx, the respiratory system is upset which causes air economic consumption to occur irregularly, making you gasp. (3) In extreme circumstances, the tear ducts are activated, so that while the mouth is opening and closing and the struggle for oxygen intake continues, the impudence becomes moist and often red. Laughs can range in sound from virtually silent to noisy guffaws. The overall physical effects of laughter are that laughter stimulates the immune system. The experience of laughter lowers serum cortisol levels.

Hitler Youth Essay -- World War II WWII WW2 Nazi Germany

The future of the German nation depends on its youth and the German youth shall have to be prepared for its future duties The youth of Germany were an important target for Hitler. He knew that if his dream for the thousand year Reich were to be fulfilled he needed the loyalty of the teenaged German people. But how did he obtain that loyalty? How did he set about bending the German childrens hearts and minds to his will? The answer is simple-the Hitler Youth. In the years from 1929 to 1933 economic hardship, a faltering political regime and generational tensions left many young people with no place to turn. The Nazis used this military post to their advantage, pointing out to the youths the way the Weimar republic government were failing to care for them. It appeared to young people that the Nazis were a party tailor made for the youth. Indeed, the Nazis realised the importance of youth, whom they considered internal in their quest for power. This is why many young, disenchante d, lower class youths put their stocks in the Nazi party and in particular, the Hitler youth. Ho...

Body and Nature as Signifying System in Jane Smileys A Thousand Acres :: Smiley Thousand Acres Essays

Body and Nature as Signifying System in A meter res publica   The fascinating facial gesture of theories about the bodies, is that our bodies evasiveness somewhere in the grey bea between the physical and the intellectual realm (in itself testifying to the falsity of such dichotomies). On the one hand, they are biological genetically programmed flesh. On the other, they are continuous sites of signification embodying (no pun intended) the essentially textual quality of a human subjects identity. A Thousand Acres foregrounds issues raised by the perspective that ones body can be the vehicle for understanding of the self and the world. One of the tracks this is done, is a part of a big project of ecofeminist rhetoric, creating numerous analogies between the body and nature. This is first seen when Ginny utilizes nature by the Scenic. Not only are the cattails green and fleshy-looking(7, italics mine), but the natural scene forms a signifying system resembling her own body, a way to metaphorically internalize the problems of human interaction. Wonderfully incorporated into this is also the intertextual body created by A Thousand Acres and queen Lear. In the storm scene, Lear calls Regan and Goneril those pelican daughters (III.iv.75, meaning that they feed on the parents blood). By the Scenic, Ginny sees pelicans reemerging later on supposedly being annihilated by her farmer ancestors, adumbrative the reemerging of her self after a life of suppression. She can read nature like a text about her own suppression and the suppression and privacy of what is actually sack on between the characters in this novel The view along the Scenic, I thought, taught me a lesson about what is below the level of the visible (9). Nature, for Ginny, is silent by way of the intertwining of its and her bodys past. She was always aware ... of the of the water in the crap, the way it travels from particle to particle, an awareness that eventually evolves into an understa nding and identification. She reflects upon the millions of years and billions of leaves, seeds, feathers, scales, flesh, bones, petals, pollen (131) that constitute the soil they live on. The apply is that this is a large-scale development of corporeal transformation that transcends the petty exploitative farming of a patriarchal society, and that she is a part of it. subsequently all, her body is non only a part of the soil, and vice versa, but of the poisoning of nature My inheritance is with me, sitting in my chair.Body and Nature as Signifying System in Jane Smileys A Thousand Acres Smiley Thousand Acres EssaysBody and Nature as Signifying System in A Thousand Acres   The fascinating aspect of theories about the bodies, is that our bodies lie somewhere in the grey area between the physical and the intellectual realm (in itself testifying to the falsity of such dichotomies). On the one hand, they are biological genetically programmed flesh. On the other, they are conti nuous sites of signification embodying (no pun intended) the essentially textual quality of a human subjects identity. A Thousand Acres foregrounds issues raised by the perspective that ones body can be the vehicle for understanding of the self and the world. One of the ways this is done, is a part of a larger project of ecofeminist rhetoric, creating numerous analogies between the body and nature. This is first seen when Ginny utilizes nature by the Scenic. Not only are the cattails green and fleshy-looking(7, italics mine), but the natural scene forms a signifying system like her own body, a way to metaphorically internalize the problems of human interaction. Wonderfully incorporated into this is also the intertextual body created by A Thousand Acres and King Lear. In the storm scene, Lear calls Regan and Goneril those pelican daughters (III.iv.75, meaning that they feed on the parents blood). By the Scenic, Ginny sees pelicans reemerging after supposedly being annihilated by her farmer ancestors, foreshadowing the reemerging of her self after a life of suppression. She can read nature like a text about her own suppression and the suppression and hiding of what is actually going on between the characters in this novel The view along the Scenic, I thought, taught me a lesson about what is below the level of the visible (9). Nature, for Ginny, is understood by way of the intertwining of its and her bodys past. She was always aware ... of the of the water in the soil, the way it travels from particle to particle, an awareness that eventually evolves into an understanding and identification. She reflects upon the millions of years and billions of leaves, seeds, feathers, scales, flesh, bones, petals, pollen (131) that constitute the soil they live on. The hope is that this is a large-scale development of corporeal transformation that transcends the petty exploitative farming of a patriarchal society, and that she is a part of it. After all, her body is not onl y a part of the soil, and vice versa, but of the poisoning of nature My inheritance is with me, sitting in my chair.

Nuclear Power :: Papers

Nuclear PowerEntering the twenty-first century, six billion people inhabit the earth. A number that is pass judgment to double in a hundred and twenty years, yet only 4% of that world population live in the United States. Even though the United States has only 4% of the population of the world, it still uses 25% of the worlds resources. Coal and oil are a major energy provider around the world, particularly in the US. Countries without these abundances feature turned to nuclear energy, due to its supreme effectiveness. Nuclear energy produces more energy per unit weight than scorch and oil, releases no pollutants into the atmosphere, and is less cancer causing than the burning of coal and oil. Yet nuclear office has been attacked in the US since the day that it was instituted as being a non-safe and environmentally non-friendly form of energy. Right now the United States does non have to worry about running out of fossil fuels for a long time, crimson though they generate 51.7% of the USs power, and power almost all forms of modern transportation. But what happens down the road, when all of the natural resources are gvirtuoso? In many countries, such as France, nuclear power is accepted and welcome. Why is this not the same way in the US? The media and all forms of entertainment have misconstrued the facts of nuclear energy. The word unsecured is synonymous with nuclear power in this country, but time has shown that there is so reason for this feeling. Americans do not contrive the facts on this issue. They have the unwarranted fears of a mass and free speaking culture. Nuclear energy is safe, clean, and effective. The voice that is heard among the people is that nuclear energy is unsafe to the environment. There should be no debate about the environmental concerns of nuclear power. If there is anything that makes nuclear power unpractical it is government spending. Nuclear power is the cleanest form of power for a rapidly increasing world population. N uclear reactors produce electricity by the fission of uranium, not the burning of fossil fuels. Nuclear power does not emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate soot, or greenhouse gases. In countries around the world nuclear energy is the largest source of emission-free electrical generation. Making one million kilowatt-hours of electricity in a natural gas power localise produces 550 tons of carbon dioxide. Producing the same amount in an oil-fired plant makes 850 tons of carbon dioxide and 1,110 in a coal plant.

Grapes of Wrath :: essays papers

Grapes of WrathThe Grapes of WrathTheres an old saying, Blood is thicker than water. Well, nothing proves truer than the families in The Grapes of Wrath. When faced with hardships, people leaned on their kin for swan and love, and in the worst of times would even turn their backs on those they had known for years to protect and provide for their families...Cant think of that. Got to think of my own kids. Three dollars a day, and it comes every day. Times are changing, mister, dont you know? Cant make a living on the go through unlessyouve got two, five, ten thousand acres and a tractor. Crop land isnt for little guys like us any more. You dont kick up a fowl because you cant make Fords, or because youre not the telephone company. Nothing to do just about it. You try to get three dollars a day someplace. Thats the only way. (50)The Joad family is no exception. Their trials, tribulations, and broken dreams while suffering through the harsh realities of a fallen the States only bring them closer together and remind the endorser of true family values.When the reader is first introduced to the Joads, as a full family, one can mavin the love immediately. Ma moved towards gobbler lithely, soundlessly...And her joy was almost like sorrow (101). Even though she hasnt seen him for quite some time, and that may be the initial reason for her wonderment, she truely loves Tom and Steinbeck does an excellent job of portraying the emotions involved. Even when Granma and Granpa come into the house, the same emotions are evident, although the actions are quite opposite. Granma repeatedly pu-raises Gawd, while Granpa walks up and slaps Tom, with his eyes grinning with affection and pride. The reader knows the Joads can hold love for a person no matter how long hes been gone, or where hes been (and in this case, prison). Former Reverend Jim Casy is even accepted as one of their own when he arrives with Tom at Uncle Johns house. Ma makes sure there is room o n the truck for him and Tom calls him over as if he were one of the men in the family. Casy knew the government of families, and he knew he had been taken

Grapes of Wrath :: essays papers

Grapes of WrathThe Grapes of WrathTheres an old saying, Blood is thicker than water. Well, nothing proves truer than the families in The Grapes of Wrath. When approach with hardships, people leaned on their kin for support and love, and in the worst of times would even turn their backs on those they had known for years to protect and provide for their families...Cant hypothesize of that. Got to think of my own kids. Three dollars a day, and it comes every day. Times are changing, mister, dont you know? Cant make a living on the land unlessyouve got two, five, ten mebibyte acres and a tractor. Crop land isnt for little guys like us any more. You dont kick up a fowl because you cant make Fords, or because youre not the telephone company. Nothing to do about it. You try to get three dollars a day someplace. Thats the only way. (50)The Joad family is no exception. Their trials, tribulations, and broken dreams speckle suffering through the harsh realities of a fallen Ameri ca only bring them closer together and remind the reader of true family values.When the reader is first introduced to the Joads, as a full family, one can sense the love immediately. Ma moved towards Tom lithely, soundlessly...And her joy was almost like sorrow (101). Even though she hasnt seen him for quite some time, and that whitethorn be the initial reason for her wonderment, she truely loves Tom and Steinbeck does an excellent job of portraying the emotions involved. Even when Granma and Granpa come into the house, the same emotions are evident, although the actions are quite opposite. Granma repeatedly pu-raises Gawd, while Granpa walks up and slaps Tom, with his eyes grinning with affection and pride. The reader knows the Joads can hold love for a person no matter how long hes been gone, or where hes been (and in this case, prison). designer Reverend Jim Casy is even accepted as one of their own when he arrives with Tom at Uncle Johns house. Ma makes sure there is roo m on the transport for him and Tom calls him over as if he were one of the men in the family. Casy knew the government of families, and he knew he had been taken

Belonging Band of Brothers

Admat-2 by Matthew Humphreys, Band of Brothers Band of Brothers is a television series based on easy company from the 101st Airborne division, during their training and deployment to Europe finishedout WW2. It follows the story of the soldiers and officers throughout the war. It is narrated throughout by Major Richard Winters from his time as a second lieutenant all the way through until he is battalion commander.It is based on a true story and shows a sense of belong that the solders feel throughout their time together along with a sense of non belonging felt by replacements and overly by the soldiers themselves as they appreciate of home. It has many links with Romulus in this sense because of the challenge that migrants appear to belong and likewise through the hardships that Romulus and Raymond face with Christinas illness. Belonging will be wrought by the challenges faced.This can be linked to band of brothers through the greater sense of belonging felt as an individual b ecause of the struggle and challenges that the group faces. passim the war individuals become closer because of the battles won as a group it gives them reciprocalality to build on. For example after easy company parachute into Normandy they be ordered to go and take out artillery positions that are defended by several machine guns. These positions are targeting Utah beach and their elimination is key to achievement of the landings on that beach.The German strength is estimated at 50 men however the strength of Winters Company is 13 men, none the less they are successful in the attack. This attack is still repeated at West point as an example of how to assault a fixed position, the success of this attack gained much regard from both his superior and the men that he commanded. This consider allows them to work effectively together and gain a sense of belonging through this mutual respect for each other.This allows them to continue to build on this throughout the numerous other challenges that they face as a battalion including the charge during operation market tend in which he led a platoon of men against two battalions of German SS and drove them back over a river inflicting heavy losses. This accumulates throughout until the men dupe each other as family towards the end of the war. This is also intelligible in Romulus my father when they first come to Australia through Romulus seeking out other Romanians, this is because they face the same challenges to belong and adapt to Australian society.They gain each others respect through their actions for example Romulus allows them to stay with him and they return this favour by looking after Raymond when Romulus is unable to do so. Commonality is essential to belonging this is evident in Romulus My Father as many of the characters are faced with common experiences throughout the book from living in a rural area, to being discriminated against for being a migrant and also in dealing with a family component who has a mental illness.This allows those who have experienced this commonality to feel a greater sense of belonging. In Romulus My Father Raymond and Romulus are brought closer together through Christinas illness and mental instability. This is also evident in Band of Brothers as replacements are brought into Easy Company to replace wounded and killed solider they are not accepted into the company as they dont have the commonality with the soldiers.They havent been in battle before and therefore are not trusted like those before them however once trust is gained through new common experiences allows them to understand and fell the same sense belonging. This is also evident as the original solider returns to the company after the Battle of Bastogne, it was the worst battle the company faced and because of this it was felt throughout the company that no else could understand what they had been through.It is also evident towards the end as a replacement is on patrol with a Normandy veteran, the veteran deliberately forgets and calls him by the wrong name. When the replacement asks when are we going away to jump into berlin he is meet with a replies that this is the best of the war, boots that are enclosed, a hot shower every night and a warm bed to eternal sleep in at night and no trees exploding in your face. This shows the lack of understanding from the new solider and therefore doesnt allow him to belong.Techniques used in Band of Brothers let in recount by winters throughout the series, another technique used is emotive music and enhanced sound effects. It also uses cut away shots during the siege of Bastogne, the camera cuts from Lt. Dyke back to winters during the attack giving the impression that it is happening real time and that decisions must be made that will cost lives. Sarcasm is also used towards replacements and all of the other soldiers realise what is happening except for the replacement adding to the sense of belonging felt by the other sold iers.

Literature Review Performance Management and the Balanced Scorecard

Chapter 2 Literature Review Since the equilibrate menu was bursted in the 1990s by Robert Kaplan and David Norton (1992), it has gained in popularity amongst academics and practitioners. In 1990, Kaplan and Norton led a look into write up of a lot of companies with the purpose of exploring the new methods of transaction worry. The importance of the study was an increasing belief that the fiscal measures of transaction wariness were not as effective as before with the development of modern melodic phrase enterprise.Representatives involved in the study companies, including the lookers Kaplan and Norton, were persuaded that the reliance on financial measures of instruction execution had an effect on their ability to create value. After deep discussions the group brainstormed on several(prenominal) alternatives but finally settled on the balanced scorecard, which featured proceeding measures, customer issues, ingrained cable sufficees, employee activities, and sharehold er concerns.Kaplan and Norton introduced the new spear as the Balanced wit and summarized the concepts of the study in the scratch of three Harvard clientele Review articles, The Balanced Scorecard-Measures That Drive exercise. M whatsoever organizations in both the private and public sectors have embraced the concept of the balanced scorecard. to the highest degree have implemented it in an attempt to meliorate exertion (Chan & Ho 2000 Hoque & Jamesl Ittner & Larcker 2003). However, it appears that the term balanced scorecard is subject to different interpretations.For example, a document publish by CMA Canada (1999) suggests that the term Balanced Scorecard maybe understood differently by different individuals/organizations. They state that many organizations believe that if a transaction mensuration arrangement accommodates both financial and nonfinancial measures, it is a balanced scorecard, whereas Kaplan & Norton claim that a fit SCORECARD is practically more t han just a collection of effect measures. Different interpretations of a BALANCED SCORECARD are evident in academic studies as well.Hoque & James (2000) determined BALANCED SCORECARD endure using a 20-item scale noting that their BALANCED SCORECARD measure might not pick up the strategical linkages of a real BALANCED SCORECARD. As a result, companies in their study may possibly have had varying levels of BALANCED SCORECARD implementation which could have affected their results, especially considering the fact that BALANCED SCORECARD usage was the dependent variable in their regression model.Chan & Ho (2000) stated in their limitations section that the respondents may have mistaken their organizations performance measurement schema to that of a professedly BALANCED SCORECARD (p. 167). It is also possible that a keep companys performance measurement system has all of the attributes of a balanced scorecard but they do not consider it to be one. Clearly defining a BALANCED SCO RECARD would be a 4 contribution to future research by providing a basis to determine the extent of BALANCED SCORECARD adoption by an organization. This study will attempt to do this.Although thither are numerous studies on the balanced scorecard (Chan & Ho 2000 Hoque & James 2000 Lipe & Salterio 2000 Malina & Selto 2001 Lipe & Salterio 2002 Ittner & Larcker 2003 Speckbacher et al. 2003), that one study has essay to develop a conceptual model of the scorecard and subprogramd it to examine the extent of its adoption. This was in Austrian, German and Swiss organizations (Speckbacher et al. 2003). This suggests a need for more research to examine what attributes of a Kaplan and Norton (1992, 2001, 2006) Balanced Scorecard other organizations use in their performance measurement system.This study will not attempt to explain the reasons for any differences among organizations with different levels of Balanced Scorecard adoption, it will only report them. In summary, while other studi es have looked at specific aspects of the balanced scorecard, only one has looked at its structure as a whole (Speckbacher et al. 2003). Similar to Speckbacher et al. (2003), this study examines the structure of the BALANCED SCORECARD as a whole. This study is however, incomparable in that it addresses both the structure and use of the BALANCED SCORECARD. Kaplan & Norton (1992 1996 2001), the originators of the balanced corecard, emphasize that the inclusion of non-financial measures is just one aspect of the balanced scorecard, noting that there are several structural attributes that make it unique from other frameworks, such as KPI ( expose performance indicator) cards and stakeholder cards. Kaplan & Norton (1996, 2001) also suggest that its unique structure allows it to be used as a strategic tool to steer organizations towards sustained long-term profitability. They argue that simply including non-financial metrics in their performance measurement system is not enough for orga nizations to learn, improve, and grow.If Kaplan and Nortons argument is correct, then companies with different levels of BALANCED SCORECARD adoption should see different results. This suggests a need to compare organizations that have different levels or numbers of balanced scorecard attributes to see if there are any differences. As well, academic studies may be more comparable if a all the way defined Balanced Scorecard was used. A clearly defined BALANCED SCORECARD would enable organizations and researchers to assess the level of BALANCED SCORECARD adoption which may help to explain some of the differences in results between studies.Understanding Performance Management Processes 2. 1 Defining Performance Maila (2006) stated that performance implies the action of doing things that is using things, tending to conditions, processing, communicating and achieving results. Performance is the actual work that is done to ensure that an organisation gives its legation. In summary, pe rformance encompasses inputs, conditions, processes elements, outputs, consequences and feedback. According to Maila (2006), the end product of performance should be mensural against cardinal elements that are quantity, quality, cost or risk factors and time.The idea of criterion the end product is fully supported as it can be argued that a product can be in any form that is good or bad, hence the need to have it measured. Botswana Unified Revenue Service (BURS, 2002) states, performance shall mean the standard of performance required by BURS related to an employees output measured in terms of quality and quantity. In addition, it shall mean the doingsal standards and competencies select by BURS. The OPM (2005) defined performance as actions, behaviour and/or inputs by a cater member contributing to the exertion of results.While the researcher acknowledges the supra definitions, she argues that activity of the definitions should be treated with a provision that the output of that action is optimistic to the organisation. In the researchers own definition, performance means an action by an employee that has produced an output relevant to an employee or organisations goals. 2. 2 Defining Management Management means to give cathexis, lead, control, govern, rule over, whilst a manager is an positive who manages or controls- a person who has in his hands the general leadership of an enterprise or of a division (Bryman, 198478 as cited in Brynard, et al 1997).Vaughan-Jones (2009), defined heed as a process of achieving organisational goals through engaging in the four study functions (planning, organising, leading and controlling). Cleland (199439-40) described anxiety through the major management functions that are planning, organising, motivation, directing and controlling. Mayor (2005 246) identified planning, organising, directing, controlling and motivating as roles of individual project manager, an improvement on the definition by Vaughan-Jones a s it has added motivation as a manager function.The description of the major activities/functions of the manager as planning, organisation, command, coordination and control put for the first time the management process into the scope of major activities or functions (Fayol, 1949, pp. 3-6). These management functions have been condensed to four, namely planning, organising, leading and controlling, (Robbins 2003). What comes out clearly from the literature is that planning, organising and controlling are common in the description of the management process or the functions of management.The researcher has made use of these concepts while cognisant of the fact that the usage of majority- found stand can only be made if the viewpoint is proven by means of scientific investigation (Brynard, 1997 54), however this research will not be able to prove that due to time constraint. In comparing management to leadership activities, the researcher noted that leadership activities has to do wi th dealing with change developing a vision and setting a direction for an organisation formulating a strategy aligning stakeholders with the organisation? s vision, motivating and inspiring employees and recognising and reward winner.Management activities include planning and budgeting, implementing strategy, organising and staffing to achieve strategy and controlling behaviour and problem solving to ensure strategy is implemented, Henry (2008 143). The research supports the contemporary definition of management provided by Mayor especially that he has added motivation to the definition, a factor that breaks to effective performance management. 2. 3 Defining Performance Management OPM (2005) defines performance management as ongoing communication process between staff and supervisor/managers for getting better organisational results.It involves (a) appointing clear mindsets and understanding about performance and the results to be achieved (b) identifying essential areas of perfo rmance as relating to the mission and preys of the O/M/A (c) developing realistic and appropriate performance criteria (d) giving and receiving feedback about performance (e) conducting constructive performance assessments and (f) planning unvarying development of staff to sustain and improve performance so that individual, unit and organisational human capital is optimised.Performance management is a system for integrating the management of organisational and employee performance (Williams, 2002 as cited by Maila, 200613). Performance management is defined as the systematic process by which an agency involves its employees, as individuals and members of a group, in improving organisational effectiveness in the accomplishment of agency mission and goals, this was obtained through (U. S.Office Personnel Management, (Undated) Botswana Unified Revenue Services (BURS, 2002) states that performance management is a joint responsibility between managers who carry out the assessments and the staff whose performance they are assessing. It is essential that this process is carried out objectively,openly and honestly. The researcher has found some common words to arrive at this definition performance management is a continuous process between staff and supervisors agreeing on the activity to be performed, how it should be measured and in spite of appearance what period, with an aim to accomplish a goal at employee and organisational level. . 4 Defining Performance Management Processes Performance management process was defined as a continuous process where supervisors and employees work together to establish objectives (goals), monitor progress toward these objectives and assess results. With this process, employees receive regular feedback and coaching which is a vital development process for all employees (KSU, 2009). According Cornell University (2010), the first element of performance management process that must be effectively executed is specifying the required levels of performance and identifying goals to be achieved.The researcher understands from the above definitions that performance management processes is a continuous (non-stop) process that underscores the need for supervisors and employees to work together in determining the organisation and employee? s goals and determining performance standards required to achieve those goals. The researcher views performance management processes as a continuous negotiation process that calls for effective communication (Acuff, 20086).It is a process that requires that calls for identification and prioritisation of goals, defining what constitutes progress towards goals, setting standards for measuring results and bring in progress towards goals. It further calls for exchanging feedback among the components, reinforcing goal oriented activities and intervening to create improvement when needed. the performance management process places greater importance on the methods used to achieve results.T his study recognises that there is a thin line between the definitions of management processes and the description of management functions which then points to the conclusion that these two concepts could be used interchangeably. 2. 5 Defining Performance Measurement Balanced scorecard originally developed as tool for performance measurement at the organisational level and has been expanded to include hypercritical success factors (Kaplan and Norton, 1993 as cited in MoF, 2009).It is recognised by the researcher that the definition of performance measurement underscores the need for output/ product to be measured, (Maila (2006). wildness on measuring output is fully supported by this study as it could assist managers to determine whether or not the employees output contribute to the attainment of the set goals. The researchers contribution to the definition of measurement is that this process is aimed at determining strategies necessary to the realisation of the organisations obje ctives, as they appraise how far one is from attaining the set goal.The process calls for assessment of results and provision of honest feedback to either strengthen progress or remedy non progress. 2. 6 immenseness of Performance Management Processes Flanagan and Finger (1998154) stated that most performance improvement processes consist of agreeing on the standards or expectations by managers and staff monitoring progress recognising achievement and reviewing the performance displayed with recognition and review featuring in the maintenance plan. It is imperative that supervisor and employee agree upon and understand each others expectations of the job.This is the foundation upon which the entire performance management process will be built. The challenge is that both supervisor and employee have to posses negotiating skills as they are required to agree on each others expectation of the job. According to Cornell University (2010), the main purpose of performance management proce ss is to develop people and improve performance by clarifying goals and coaching regularly. A thirdhand purpose is to provide honest and accurate formal evaluations to support rewards for performance practices.Performance management processes is important as it entails planning employee performance, facilitating the achievement of work related goals and reviewing performance as a way of motivating employees to achieve their full potential in line with the organisations objectives, (Swanepoel et al, 1998 as cited Maila, 20068). The researcher deducing from the literature above concluded that performance management process was important as it entails planning employee performance, agreeing on standards, monitor and evaluate performance with a view to facilitating the achievement of work related goals.The process is further important as it allows for a two way feedback aimed at livelihood rewards or punishment for performance practices. According to Maila (2006, p. 4), criteria for m easuring success should be clarified and obstacles timorously identified so as to seek solutions and that public dish up delivery is not halted, performance management system is one of the instruments that can provide that solution.According to Hogue (2010), performance measurement system highlights whether the organisation is on track to achieve its desired goals. Performance measurement system develops key performance indicators (KPIs), or metrics, depending on the nature and activities of the organization. KPIs can serve as the cornerstone of an organizations employee incentive schemes. The researchers contention is that it is much more difficult to develop KPIs for each area of performance inside the organisation which can be measured effectively.According to the MoF (2009), the BALANCED SCORECARD of Robert Kaplan and David Norton of 1996 provide a framework that not only provides performance measurements, but helps planners identify what should be done and measured. BALANCED S CORECARD is an important approach for measuring and managing the most critical processes in organization. To be meaningful, company performance should be judged against a specific objective is achieved. Without an objective, a company would have no criterion for choosing among alternative strategies and projects (Armstrong 2000 Chang 1999).For example, if the objective of the company is to maximize its return on investment, the company would try to achieve that objective by adopting investments with return on investment ratios greater than the companys current average return on investment ratio. However, if the objective of the company were to maximize its accounting profits, the company would adopt any investment, which would provide a positive accounting profit, even though the company might lower its current average return on investment ratio (Birch, 1998 Atkinson, Warehouse, & Well, 1997).Performance measurement is important for memory a company on track in achieving its object ives (Armstrong, 2000 Atkinson & Epstein, 2000 Frigo, Pustortio, George, & Krull, 2000). The selection of the most appropriate indicators is however, an area with no defining boundaries as there are a number of purposes to which performance measurements can be put, although not all performance measurement can be used for purposes (Fitzergerald, Johnston, Brignall, Silveston, & Voss, 1993).Even though individual firms tend to put on firm-specific performance indicators appropriate to their needs, for many firms the main performance indicators would typically include some combination of financial market/customer competitor human mental imagery internal business process and environmental indicators (DSouza &Williams, 2000 Barsky & Flick, 1999). More often than not usually however, performance measurements has relied on financial or accounting-based measures, despite the drawbacks associated with such an approach.Specifically, the use of financial measures alone has serious limitation s because of inherently backwards-looking nature, their limited ability to measure operational performance and their tendency to focus on the short-term (Kaplan et al. , 2001a Ittner, Larcker, & Rajan 1997). The reliance on financial measures alone, therefore, to present the true picture of organizational performance, is in itself backward looking, especially from a variety of stakeholders.As a result, an organization requires more from its performance management system than ever before (Becker & Gerhart, 1996l Kaplan et al. , 2001a Lambert, 1998). Several researchers have identified that the selection of performance measurement indicators should be 1. Driven from strategies and provide a linkage between unit actions and strategic plans 2. Hierarchical and unified across business functions 3.Supportive of the companys multidimensional environment (internal or external and cost-based or non cost-based) and 4. Based on a thorough understanding of cost relationships and cost behaviour (Brown & Mitchell, 1993 Euske, Lebas, & McNair, 1993 Kaplan & Atkinson, 1989 McKensize & Shilling, 2000 McMann & Nanni, 1994). Additionally, the method of monitoring performance should be dynamic in order to adapt to internal and external changes.In response to these recommendations, a number of frameworks that adopt a multidimensional view of performance measurement have been developed, most notable of which has been the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) developed by Kaplan and Norton (1992, 1996). The Balanced Scorecard addresses the need for multiple measures of performance and provides a strategic framework, which specifically encourages the use of both financial and non-financial measures along four perspectives financial, customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth to measure firm performance (Kaplan & Norton, 1996b).In both research and practice, the BSC has received much attention, particularly as a tool for driving unit level strategy within many industries, i ncluding hospitality, health, manufacturing and banking (Ashton, 1998 Beechey & Garlick, 1999 Birch, 1998 Chow, Ganulin, Haddad, & Williamson, 1998 Kaplan et al. , 2001a). According to Kaplan and Norton (1996, p. ) the balanced scorecard translates an organizations mission and strategy into a comprehensive set of performance measures and provides the framework for strategic measurement and management. On the outset therefore, the BSC appears to have all the answers for choosing the most appropriate measures of company performance, which are governed by the organisations strategic orientation and external competitive environment.The success of the BSC relies on a transparent and well-defined strategy as the basis for the development of specific and relevant performance measures. Although the BSC, along with many other perspectives, acknowledges that firms respond to the environment they face in developing their strategy and ultimately performance measurement system, institutional pos sibility specifically asserts that the social network in which firms operate exerts an equally strong hold on the decision- making practices of the firm (DiMaggio, 1983).For instance, it is likely that for firms operating in extremely uncertain environments, for example, the choice of performance measures may be influenced by choices made by industry leaders as a means of reducing suspense and enhancing legitimacy (mimetic isomorphism) (DiMaggio & Powell, 1991a Greve, 2000 Haverman, 1993). For firms operating within institutional environments, such as banking, accounting, insurance and the like, shared norms and behaviours may dictate the types of performance measures used (normative isomorphism) (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983 DiMaggio et al. 1991a Gupta, Dirsmith, & Fogarty, 1994 Heverman, 1993 Hussain & Gunasekaran, 2002a). For firms operating in environments where there is a pressure to conform to rules and practices, performance measurement may be influenced by the dictates of super visory bodies (coercive isomorphism) (DiMaggio et al. , 1991a Greve, 2000 Haverman, 1993).Therefore, it appears that if organisations are seeking to utilise the BSC or similar frameworks to develop the most appropriate measures of performance, coercive, mimetic and normative forces, along with strategic orientation, need to be factored into any analysis in order to gain a true picture of what factors influence performance measurement and management. Hence, it is the purpose of this dissertation to examine the role that institutional forces play in the choice of performance measurement systems, via the act of the BSC framework in an industry where the institutional forces mentioned above are at play.Information about performance management is critical to the effective functioning of any business (Chandler, 1962a Kaplan et al. , 1992 McWilliams, 1996). However, what constitutes good performance and what constitutes good measures of performance are continuously being debated (Corrigan , 1998 Kaplan & Norton, 1998 Kimball, 1997 Landy & Farr, 1983 Maisel, 1992). For instance, do financial performance indicators provide the necessary information for operating within environments that are classified as turbulent, given that they are backward looking? Armstrong, 2000 Barker, 1995 Kaplan, 1983). Is it important to utilise non-financial information for organisations that are facing changes in demand? (Chang, 1999 Kaplan, 1983). In order to answer these questions and more, this chapter reviews literature on performance management and describes the factors that influence performance measures. In addition, why there is a need for organisations to focus on both traditional financial and non-financial indicators of performance in order to meet organisational objectives, irrespective of competitive environment, is reviewed.Specific frameworks, which can be utilised by organisations to measure performance in this way, are also reviewed, with a particular focus on the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a measurement tool which meets the demands of contemporary organisations (Duursema, 1999 Ittner & Larcker, 1998a Kaplan et al. , 1992). 2. 7 Role of Performance Measures in an Organisation To function successfully in a business environment, an organisation depends upon the decision-making ability of its managers, who in turn, depend upon the availability of operational information (Banker, Devraj, Sinha, &Schroeder, 1997). Information about performance is important in different ways to the various stakeholders within a business. For example, owners and investors are interested in company performance to ensure that their investment decisions are correct, and, if not, to look for alternative investments. Managers look at the performance of a companys subunits as a way of prioritising the allocation of resources (Duursema, 1999 Euske et al. , 1993 Fama, 1890 Lockamy & Cox, 1994 prankster & Dockery, 1995).In a more strategic sense, performance measurement is seen as an important way of keeping a company on track in achieving the companys objectives and as a monitoring mechanism employed by the owners of a company where ownership and management are separated (Baker & Wruck, 1989 Bushman, Indjejikian, & Smith, 1995 Delaney & Husekid, 1996 Huselid, 1995 Ittner & Larcker, 1998b Kaplan, 1984 Lawler, Mohrman, & Ledford, 1992 Mayo & Brown, 1999).If measures of performance are to be effective, the measures need to be performance- driven and linked with company strategy. This view is supported by a number of researchers who note that measures of performance need to be based on a companys strategic objectives in order for employees to understand and be committed to the achievement of those objectives (Becker et al. , 1996 Hronec, 1993 Huber, 1990 John, Jacqueline, & Robert, 2002 Johnson, 1998 Kaplan, 1983 Kaplan et al. , 2001a). Specifically, DSouza and Williams (2000), Euske et al. 1993), Kimball (1997) and Mayo and Brown (1999) argue that within the c ontemporary work environment, a good performance measurement system should be Supportive and consistent with an organisations goals, actions, people/culture, and key success factors Driven by the customer Appropriate to the internal and external environment Developed by a combined top-down and bottom-up effort Communicated and integrated throughout the organisation Focused more on managing resources and inputs, not just simply costs Committed to providing action-oriented feedback and Supportive of individual and organizational learning. Although there is harmony that these types of characteristics will make for better performance measures (Devenport, 2000), how performance is actually measured is still a black box for many organisations (Cross & Lynch, 1992 Eccles, 1991 ECSI, 1998 Frigo et al. , 2000 Gering & Mhtambo, 2000a Henerson, Morris, & Fitz- Gibbon, 1987), particularly as performance measures used in one company may not be appropriate for another company facing a different situation or different set of circumstances (Otley, 1980).Defining performance for an individual company is highly dependent upon the companys business objective and strategy and is therefore preferably unique (Fitzergerald et al. , 1993 Hoffectker et al. , 1994 Kaplan et al. , 1992 Kaplan et al. , 1996b Keegan, Eiler, & Jones, 1989). For many firms however, the main performance indicators would typically include some combination of indicators across two broad categories financial indicators and non-financial indicators (Barsky et al. , 1999 Brown et al. , 1993 DSouza et al. , 2000 Eccles, 1991 Fitzergerald et al. , 1993 Hoffectker et al. 1994 Johnson et al. , 1987 Kaplan, 1983, 1984 Kaplan et al. , 1996b, 2001a). References Adam, E. E Corbett, L. M. Flores, B. E. & Harrison, N. J. et al. 1997. An global study of quality improvement approach and firm performance. International daybook of Operations & Production Management, 17(9) 842. Emerald host Publishing. Accessed 12 Novem ber 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Ahmed, N. M. & Scapens, R. W.. 1994. The history of cost allocation practices in Britain Some illustrations of institutional influences, working paper.University of Manchester, Manchester. Emerald meeting Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? 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Project Management strategic Design and Implementation. Second Edition. USA McGraw Hill, Inc. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/books. htm? Cornell University, (2010).The Performance Management Process Model. Cornell University, Division of Human Resources accessed on 12 November 2012. DiMaggio, P. J. & Powell, W. W. 1983. The iron cage revisited Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organisational fields. American sociological Review, 48(147-160). Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? DiMaggio, P. J. & Powell, W. W. 1991a. Int roduction in the new institutionalism in organisational analysis.Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? DiMaggio, P. J. & Powell, W. W. 1991b. The new institutionalism in organisational analysis. Chicago University of Chicago Press. 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Total Quality Management and the choice of information and reward systems.Journal of Accounting Research, 33(Supplement) 1- 34. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Ittner, C. D. & Larcker, D. F. 1996. Measuring the impact of quality initiatives on firm financial performance. In S. Ghosh & D. Fedor (Eds. ), Advances in the management of organisational quality, Vol. 1 1-37. New York JAI Press. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Ittner, C. D. , Larcker, D. F. , & Rajan, M. V. 1997b. The choice of Performance Measures in Annual Bonus Contracts.The Accounting Review, 72(2) 231-255. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Ittner, C. D. & Larcker, D. F. 1998a. ar non-financial measure leading indicators of financial performance? An analysis of customer satisfaction. Journal of Accounting Research, 36(Supplement) 1-35. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Ittner, C. D. & Larcker, D. F. 1998b. Innovations in performance measurement Trends and research implications. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 10 205-225.Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed12November2012 Ittner, C. D. & Larcker, D. F. 1998c. Innovations in performance measurement Trends and research implications. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 10 205. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Ittner, C. D. & Larcker, D. F. 2003. advent up short On non-financial performance measurement. Harvard Business Review, November 88-95. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? gt Jones, C. 1991a. Qualitative interviewing. In G. Allen & C. Skinner (Eds. ), Handbook for research students in the social information 203-214. London Farner Press. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Jones, C. P. 2002. Investments analysis and management (8th ed. ). New York Wiley & Sons. Accessed12November2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Kaplan, R. 1986. The role for empirical research in management accounting. Accounting, Organization and Society, 11 429-452. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. meraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Kaplan, R. S. 1983. Measuring manufacturing performance A new challenge for managerial accounting research. The Accounting Review(October) 686-705. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 Kaplan, R. S. 1984a. The evolution of management accounting. The Accounting Review(July)390-418. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed12November2012 Kaplan, R. S. 198 4b. Yesterdays accounting undermines production. Harvard Business Review, July/August 95-101.Emerald Group Publishing. 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Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System.Harvard Business Review, 74(Jan/Feb) 75-79. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12November2012 Kaplan, R. S. & Norton. , D. P. 1996. Linking the Balanced Scorecard to strategy. California Management Review, 39(1) 53-80. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Kaplan, R. S. 1997a. Mobil USM&R (A) Linking the Balanced Scorecard. Harvard Business Review(May 7). Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 Kaplan, R.S. 1997b. Mobil USM&R (C) Lubricants Business Unit. Harvard Business Review(May 5). Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Kaplan, R. S. 1998a. Mobil USM&R (B) New England Sales and Distribution. Harvard Business Review(April 30). Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. eme raldinsight. com/journals. htm? Kaplan, R. S. 1998b. Mobil USM&R (D) Gasoline Marketing. Harvard Business Review(April 30). Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. om/journals. htm? Kaplan, R. S. 1998c. Innovation action research Creating new management theory and practice. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 10 89-118. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 Kaplan, R. S. & Atkinson, A. A. 1998. Advanced Management Accounting (Third ed. ). New Jersey Prentice Hall. Inc. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Kaplan, R. S. & Norton, D. P. 1998. Putting the Balanced Scorecard to work. In A. H. B. R.Paperback (Ed. ), Harvard Business Review on Measuring Corporate Performance. Boston Harvard Business School Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Kaplan, R. S. & Kaplan, E. L. 1999. United Way of South-eastern New Englan d (UWSENE). Harvard Business Review(April 1). Emerald Group Publishing. 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Available http//www. ksu. edu/policies/ppm/4080. html. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed on 10 November 2012. Lauter, G. P. (1970). Advanced management Process in Developing Countries Planning in Turkey. California Management Review, 12 (3), pp 7-12. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed12November2012 Maila, H. M. (2006), Performance Management and Service obstetrical delivery in the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Magister Technologie University of South Africa. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? Maylor, H. (2005). Project Management. Third Edition, FT Prentice Hall. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. emeraldinsight. com/books. htm? Mintzberg, H. (1994). The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning. Harvard Business Review, January-February, 1994, p. 108. Emerald Group Publishing. Accessed 12 November 2012 http//www. eme raldinsight. com/journals. htm?

Preparation and Sn1 Reactivity of 2-Bromobutane

Preparation and SN1 Reactivity of 2-Bromobutane Whitney Bellido Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160 Submitted April 4th, 2013 Introduction The overall cultivation of this experiment is to understand and be familiar of SN1 reactivity. We also learned how to prepargon 2-Bromobutane by learning how to distill and extract this product from its perfect layer. Finally, another ending was to specifically understand the relative reactivity of alkyl halides under SN1 conditions by reacting the alkyl halide and silver nitrate in ethanol.Results and Discussion The Overall Reaction The Proposed mechanism observational Procedure To prepare the 2-Bromobutane you must fill a 100 mL round bottom flask with 20 mL of 12M sulfuric sexually transmitted disease and 7. 4 mL of 2-butanol. Then add 8. 0 g of ammonium bromide along with a magnetic stir bar. Then attach the flask to the apparatus, which is mounted on a Thermo well up over a stirrer and a condenser attached to it, along with the thermometer in the flask. Then the mixture was heated at 90oC then kept at the range of 90oC-100oC for 30 minutes.When that is completed add 20 mL of water into the flask to perform a simple distillation to collect the distillate in a graduated cylinder, keep doing this until there is no more 2-Bromobutane collected. Use a Pasteur pipette to draw off the organic layer to another container. Add the potassium carbonate to allow the liquid to dry by swirling it. Once this is completed the reactivity of alkyl halides under SN1 conditions was tested. Adding devil drops of our product and the other different compounds into different test tubes along with 1mL of ethanolic silver nitrate reagent.We are comparing these by seeing how they react and if there is no reaction after 5 minutes we will place the test tubes in a beaker of water that is heated at a temperature of 70oC-80oC and observe what happens. Experimental Stoichiometry Compound Molecular Weight Q uantity Moles 2-Butanol 74. 122 g/mol 7. 41 mL (6. 01 g) 0. 081 Sulfuric Acid 98. 079 g/mol 20. 1 mL 0. 242 ammonium Bromide 97. 94 g/mol 8. 02 g 0. 082 The limiting reagent is the 2-Butanol. stomach Data Product Name 2-Bromobutane Molecular Weight 137. 02 g/mol change state Point Range 89C-91CTheoretical Yield (Moles) 0. 081 moles Theoretical Yield (grams) 11. 09 grams Actual Yield (grams) 6. 84 grams Actual Yield (moles) 0. 05 moles Percent Yield 62% NMR table Signal Chemical Shift (ppm) Multiplicity Integration A 4. 1 ppm Sextet 1 B 1. 85 ppm Pentet 2 C 1. 7 ppm Doublet 3 D 1. 05 ppm Triplet 3 Reactivity of Alkyl Halides Compound Room Temperature Heating 1-Bromobutane After 30 seconds, the mixture was a cloudy whitish color but no precipitate formed After 5 minutes, it changed into a yellow color with precipitate formed. 2-Bromobutane After 30 seconds, the mixture was a light yellowish color and a precipitate formed instantly. Not Heated 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane After 30 seconds, the mixture was yellow and a precipitate formed instantly. Not Heated Compound Room Temperature Heating 1-Chlorobutane After 30 seconds, the mixture was clear. After 5 minutes, the color changed slightly to gaberdine and lightly cloudy. 2-Bromobutane After 30 seconds, the mixture was a white cloudy color and formed a precipitate instantly. Not Heated 2-Iodobutane After 30 seconds, the mixture was yellow and precipitated instantly. Not Heated Conclusion In conclusion, the SN1 reaction of 2-Bromobutane was performed. According to the Yield Data table, when the actual yield and theoretical yield are calculated we can get the percent yield, which was 62%. At least this number was higher than 50% I can understand how this could have happened. When I was drying the reagent with potassium carbonate, prior to that I had put the other pellets, which were calcium chloride on accident.This probably affected my percent yield also with the fact that the temperature was not well maintained it kept fluctuating under 90OC. According to the reactivity of alkyl halides, the results of these tables can concluded the theories of the conditions of SN1 reactions. The first table states that the tertiary carbocation are more stalls which allows this reaction to perform faster than second and primary structured carbocations. Then the second table can concludes that iodine is the best leaving group because it is a much weaker base than the bromide ion and chloride ion causing it to react faster.

Unprofessional Conduct

In 2005 I started melting for a inculcate system and correct from the start I could see that in that location was some un lordism in some of the employees there. To me unprofessional means non acting as if you were at you place of business or acting as though you be at home or come prohibited of the closet with your friends. That is how the persons I worked with acted however, to me Mrs. Petit did nothing of the sort. She was not at her place of work she did not ill-use any students so I see now unprofessionalism.What she was doing was having a life outside of work which I theory we were all as citizens entitled to do. When I think of the vocalize immoral in the context of the schooling profession I think of teachers like the iodins I worked with walking more or less the school building talking gravely close to the elementary and middle school students they were teaching during school hours.I do think that Mr. or Mrs.Petit acted immorally in the eyes of the society ar ound them even though they were just living their own blisterings for which this computery was founded, only not to the extent that any harm should have come to them. Was she teaching the infantren right from wrong? Well yes and no, she taught the children with this mishap that it was right to follow your fingerings and to be a leader in society not a follower not to go with the norm, but she also showed that she had no disregard for the laws of the state she lived in by geological fault the law for sexual misconduct.I enkindle not even count on my fingers how many teachers I would deem unfit to teach and Mrs. Petit is not one of them. To me being unfit to teach is a person that thinks that yelling at children is a good thing, or a teacher that is forgeting to put their hands on someones child to discipline them, or to the highest pointedness of the so called teachers now who believe that teaching the children to past a test is preparing them for life.What Mrs. Petit did c an not be deemed as a person who is unfit to teach, she was ejectn to be an outstanding teacher and never harmed a student, they were very well educated and that is be defecate of her. In this case the board was justified due to the fact that she was arrested for breaking the law which would cause a problem for the community whom would of course be outraged by this.I personally believe that they had no just cause in terminating her employment because there was no harm to the children and she had learned her lesson which she could have used as a basis to discourage not only her students but persons in general from doing things that ar illegal. I do not think that what one does in there personal lives as long as it does not in any way transfer into their professional lives should not be the basis for being deemed unfit for their profession or unprofessional in anyway.For recitation if Mr.Carter was a teacher and he never did anything to harm his students or co-workers and he went t o a club on a Friday night, while at this club he saw a beautiful woman but did not see her human face and he walked up behind her and said something like hey beautiful you are looking fine in that dress, the woman turned around at it was a co-worker of his she gets him fired because he made a pass at her while not at work how is this right? What is this teaching the children? It tells them never to try to get a date because it could cost you your job.This example and the story of Mrs. Petit teach children to never have a life outside of work or never get a job that is all it does the rules need to change. The difference amidst the two cases was that she got arrested and the other person did not. Do I think that it was consistent absolutely not? To me the courts had not taken into consideration that the board did not prove that she was an unfit teacher they just proved that she had been arrested for being an individual having fun.She did not harm any of her students, she did not h urt any of her co-workers, she was not on school property and she did not violate the rules of her contract as a teacher unless those rules state that you can not have a life outside of work and if you are married it must be monogamous. I think that the courts should have stated that the only true reason they could fire her was because she now had a reprehensible record and even that should have a fine line because she again did not harm anyone not even her husband because he was there and approved.I think that these so called morals in this country are dumb because everyone has their own mind and should be able to decide what is moral and immoral to them without having to live by a standard of anyone else. The only time I think an employer should know what is going on with an employees cancelled the job conduct is when it can directly affect their job or bring harm to other battalion. If the person has committed a real crime such as murder, child abuse, child molestation, rape, if they are being abused themselves, or involved in other illegal dealings.I think that it is high time society got off of their high horses and stop thinking that they can decide how the person next to them lives their lives. People need to stop worrying about what religion other people practice, who marries whom, who is eating what and worry about real issues like why are so many of our children are going to bed hungry, why our children are out here committing crimes instead of getting an education, and why there are so many people in the streets because they can not get a job.Those are real issues and until people realize that everyone is created equal and that our forefathers came to this country to get away from all of the bull crap that was going on elsewhere society will never change it will only get worse. Things will never get better until we as a people better ourselves.No one should be ridiculed for not being as smart as another, for not eating like someone else, for not having the same religion as another, for not being attracted to the sex you think they should be attracted to, or for having an open marriage we were given these minds to think for ourselves not to think like everyone else. The world is not mysterious and white it is a rainbow made up of browns, reds, greens, yellows and every other color so I think everyone should be free to do like my religions states harm none, and do what ye will meaning do what you want as long as you do not harm anyone else.Unprofessional ConductUNPROFESSIONAL demeanour Introduction Andre Hamilton had spent eight years in the United States Air Force. While in the service, he learned how to conduct himself in a professional manner, and he learned to respect others. He wanted to become a trader so he completed a bachelors degree in organizational management at the University of LaVerne. After graduating from school, his confidence soared to a point where he felt he was in a position of big demand by potentia l employers. In 1996, while looking through Sundays Press Enterprise new-fashionedspaper, he saw an ad for a job fair.Thinking of the companies that would be present at the job fair, he decided to attent. The day of the job fair arrived. His interviews came down to two companies, G. M. A. C. and The Office Supply stack away. some(prenominal) interviews went extremely well. On Friday, September 27, 1996, Andre was interviewed by Mrs. Jane Apple from G. M. A. C. , a mortgage company. At the interview, she explained to him the responsibilities of a loan officer, the position he had applied for. She also asked him questions about what he thought about the company. Mrs.Apple informing him that although the position only paid commisions. Mrs. Apple looked at Andre and said, You have the job if you want it. He tried to profound to contain his happiness. He told her he would accept her offer and thanked her for giving him an opportunity. On Monday, September 30, 1996, when he arrived a t work, he was greeted and introduced to the staff members and shown around the office. Mrs. Apple told him to relax. Andre began to feel that he had accomplished his goal of becoming a career person with a good job.Everyone was very friendly and seemed happy to be employed at that company. What he enjoyed the most about this organization was the team style of leadership demoed by Mrs. Apple. On Tuesday, October 1, 1996, he had second interview with The Office Supply Store. He was interviewed by Mr. Smith, district manager, and Maria Smith, human resources director. They were very pleasant and energetic and he got the impression that the work environment at The Office Supply Store was the same as at G. M. A. C.After the interview, he was told he had the position and would receive a letter in the mail telling him the information and the store where he would be working. He decided to accept the job offered from The Office Supply Store, because he wanted to move into management. Also at G. M. A. C. , his only income is commision, while at The Office Supply Store, he would have a steady salary. He also likes the close location to his home. The Office Supply Store would train him to manage his own store. On Wednesday, he returned to G. M. A. C. and inform Mrs.Apple that he had been made an offer by The Office Supply Store and he felt it would be a beter opportunity for him. She listened to him and sounded sincere when she informed him that she understood why he had come to his decision. Ending the conversation, she told him that if it didnt work out at The Office Supply Store, he should call her and she would gladly give him another opportunity. After receiving the letter telling him where to report the work, he arrived at his training store. Andre was to meet with Mrs. Richards, the general manager, who was also his new boss.When he reached the general managers office, he introduced himself and informed her that he was sent to this store by district manager to b egin his management training. Her face begin to flush. She just stared at him and Why are you here? You are supposed to be at the orientation meeting she said sharply. He informed her that according to the letter he received from the district manager and gave it to her. She asked him to have a seat in the break area next to her office, while she straightened out the situation over the phone. He began to get angry at the nasty language she was using.He felt this showed a total lack of professionalism. The more he thought about his reception, the angier he became. He even thought about punching her in face or engaging her with some profanity of his own. In looking at possible pickaxs he had in this situation, his first option was definitely to punch her in the face, but he knew that would result in trouble with the police. Another option was just the walk out the door, but he took the attitude that he would overcome this and proceeded to convince himself that this was an isolated eve nt.He felt this was the Standard grin and bear it system of maintaining a job. After he had calmed down, he viewed the situation from a more practical perspective. He told himself that he should probably just start looking for a new job. He decided he should remain silent on this issue, because he had continuously heard people say throughout the years breakt rock the boat. Finally, the last option he thought of was to talk with the district manager about his experience, but the district managers ingrained reaction would be to defend Mrs.Richards behaviour, and label him with an attitude problem. So he did nothing. Over the next few weeks, the general manager continued to display the same level of behaviour. Andre even tried to communicate with her as two mature adults. To his disappointment, he felt that she appeared uncaring and uncooperative. The problem which is emphasized in this event can be explained with main components of attitudes and major job attitudes, responses to d issatisfaction, job rotation, fundamental attribution error, emotional intelligence, and Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory.

How the Visual Media Affect People

In modern society, media Is everywhere, and It Is al more or less Impossible to avoid. The mass media deem become such an ordinary, everyday part of society that many mint fail to realize the immense impact which the mass media have on all aspects of society including political, economic, and ideological aspects. The mass media influence the way we vote, the things we buy, the way we act, the set we hold, and the way we perceive reality. The media can be very helpful to people and their children who c befully choose he movies and shows that they go out.With high-quality schedule in various fields of study-?science, medicine, nature, history, the arts, and so on-?TV and videotapes increase the. Knowledge of the average and the well-educated person they can also improve thinking ability. Moreover, video benefits elderly people who cannot go appear of cardinal, as well as patients in hospitals and residents of nursing faceless. Additionally, It offers language learners the adva ntage of real-life audiovisual Instruction and aural comprehension practice at any meter of day or night.And of course, idiot box and video can provide almost everyone with good entertainment-?pleasant ways to relax and spend free time at home. Nevertheless, there atomic number 18 several serious disadvantages to the visual media. First of all, some people watch the tube for more hours In a day than they do anything else. In a large number of homes, TV sets-?as many as five or more In a single household atomic number 18 always on. Instead of spending time taking c ar of their kids, parents often use the tube as an electronic baby sitter. As a result, television and video can easily place family communication as well as physical activity and other interests. Secondly, too much TV-?especially programming of low educational value-?can reduce peoples ability to concentrate or reason. In fact, studies show that after only a 20. Minute minutes or two of visual media, a persons mind r elaxes as It does during light sleep. Another possible effect of television and videotapes on the human brain is poor communication. Children who watch a lot of TV may lose their ability to focus on a subject or an educational activity for more than ten to fifteen 24. Mute minutes. Maybe it is because of the visual media that some kids-?and adults too-? develop attention deficit disorder ADD, a modern condition in which people are unable to pay attention, listen well, follow Instructions, or remember everyday things. A third negative feature of the media is the amount of violence or detestation on the screen-?both in real events in the news and movies or TV programs. It scares people and gives them terrible nightmares the fear created by media images and language can death for a long time.On the other hand, frequent viewers of action programming unusual about violent crime, fight, killing, and other terrible events and behavior. Studies show that certain personality types are like ly to have strong emotional reactions or dangerous thoughts after some kinds of entertainment. They may even copy the acts that they see on violent shows-? galvanise fires, carry and use weapons, attack people in angry or dangerous ways, and even worse. Because of the visual media, some people may become dissatisfy with the reality of their own lives.To these viewers, everyday life does not seem as exciting as the roles actors play in movies or TV dramas. They realize they are not having as much fun as the stars of comedy shows. Furthermore, average people with normal lives may new famous media personalities, who seem to get innumerable amounts of money and attention. Also, media watchers might get depressed when they cannot take care of situations in real life as well as TV stars seem to. On the screen, they notice, actors solve serious problems in hour or half-hour programs-?or in twenty- second commercials.Yet another negative feature of modern television is called falderol T V. These daily talk shows bring real people with strange or immoral lives, personalities, or behavior to the screen. Millions of viewers-?including children-?watch as these instant stars tell their most personal secrets, shout out their angry feelings and opinions, and attack one another. TV watchers seem to like the emotional atmosphere and excitement of this kind of programming-?as well as the tension of the real but terrible stories on TV news magazine shows.What effect does frequent viewing of such programs have on peoples lives? It makes television more real than reality, and normal living begins to seem boring. Finally, the most negative effect of the tube might be addiction. People often feel a strange and powerful need to watch TV or play a CD even when they do not enjoy it or have the free time for entertainment. Addiction to a TV or video screen is similar to drug or alcohol dependence addicts almost neer believe they are addicted. Even so, truthful media addicts have to give yes answers to many of these questions.

Do Voilent Video Games Cause Violence in Children?

Carolina Hernandez Do Violent Video Games Cause Violence In Children? 1. Introduction A. Attention catcher Imagine youre in your room, all the lights ar off, and you TV is on, you sit thither holding a game controller, the words GAME OVER are flashing on the screen. The game was hard, you killed as many zombies as you could, and this is what you get? A game over screen? You play the level again. Mid-way through the level, mortal opens the door to your room.The light stings your eyes, momentarily forgetting about the game, your character dies because a zombie ate his brains. You get so angry you punch the psyche who make you dawdle the game B. Listener Relevance Link Most of you in this room play word-painting games, right? Do you ever feelangry by and by playing a violent word picture game? If youre one of the people who dont, its mostly because of your personality. If youre an angrier person by nature, these video games should affect you more if you are. C. Speaker Credibil ity StatementLet me start this off by saying I love video games. I engender a video game in my backpack right now. Most of the video games I play are adventure games that involve fighting. Usually Im non affected by them, unless I get competitive about it. My brother and I used to fight after playing a game if one of us lost, and sometimes it would result in fist fighting. My brother and I dont play video games together that a great deal anymore. Still, after playing a particularly violent game, I will not be angry, plainly my brother will.This is because were unlike types of people with different personalities, which results in different reactions. Video games never made me want to kill someone. D. Thesis Statement All this results in one questions, do violent video games affect the players violent tendencies? E. Preview In this speech, Ill talk about the research done on this topic, and its results on how it affects children and teens violent tendencies. 2. Body A. First Main Point These days, video games about violence are the most popular types of games.The rating system the games are put through should be the answer, but when states have tried to keep underage children from playing M games, they are often challenged in court in favor of the said child who wants to play the game. Though video games DO cause violence, they are over-dramatized to how MUCH violence they cause. In one of my sources, the mild-manner personality types were to the lowest degree affected, while angry people by nature where affected more. 1. Sub Point Professor Patrick Markey Says Their personality made a big difference.People who are extremely angry tend to be much more affected by violent videogames than people who are not angry and of course the opposite is professedly that people who are not angry are virtually unaffected by violent videogames. So its both the person and, in essence, the situation. B. flake Main Point In 2003, teenager Devin Moore shot and killed 3 pe ople in a police station in Alabama. After being base and caught by the police, Moore told them in a police interview Life is like a video game. Everybodys got to die sometime. This resulted in a lawsuit against the advertisers of rattling(a) Theft Auto, the game that two of the families of the victims claimed compelled him to do what he did. (The game is like a simulated cop-killer. ) 1. Sub Point What I just told you was an extreme type of violent video games gone wrong. Most of the people who do play Grand Theft Auto play it for fun. Nicholas Hammer, a law student at the time who was demonstrating the video game for the source, says he, like every other person who plays violent video games, plays them for fun.But did you ever think that the reason a person did this was not just the video game, but the person itself and their environment? 2. Sub Point Moore was compelled to do what he did is based on his environment. Moore came from a troubled home and bounced from rear family to foster family. When you are a teenager, the part of your brain that manages things like impulse control and urges, is under development during teen years, not fully developed until our proterozoic twenties.David Walsh, a Childrens psychologist says when a young man with a developing brain, already angry, spends hours and hours and hours rehearsing violent acts, and then, and hes put in this situation of emotional stress, theres a likeliness that he will literally go to that familiar pattern thats been wired repeatedly, perhaps thousands and thousands of times, So it was not really the video game in this scenario, but the type of person and their respective environments.C. Third Main Point Many states have tried to ban sales of rated M video games to those under 17 Minnesota even tried to make a law that would fine children caught with M video games that was unsuccessful. I believe that there should be certain laws made against minors buying M video games. 1. Sub Point I belie ve that there should be a law that prohibits minors from buying rated M games unless there is a parent or guardian there with them.This would make it harder for children to buy video games that are M because their parents would most potential not extol of them. 2. Sub Point Demos of the video game should be offered to parents for the parent to play before buying it for their child. If a parent is offered a demo, they are more likely to play it to see if they want their child to be playing this before they give them the actual game. 3. Sub PointVideo game stores should have a mandatory ID or Drivers License check when a minor is buying a rated M video game. 3. Conclusion A. Thesis Restatement Video games dont really have a large part in violent tendencies, but it still depends on the type of person or their environment. But there should still be laws not allowing minors to buy rated M games. B. Main Point Summary These main points are all about how video games, and how to interrupt minors from buying rated M games. C. ClincherWhether or not, in the end, video games have a large affect on a certain type of persons mindset, something should be done to stop minors from playing games that are inappropriate for their age. 4. References Campell, Colin. Games Do Cause Violent Behavior (But Not Much). business week. 25/4/07. Web. 22 Nov 2009. . Can A Video Game Lead To Murder?. 60 Minutes, Web. 22 Nov 2009. .

Kant’s Approach to Resolving War in Iraq Essay

Five years after the Iraq war had begun, insurance policymakers are still looking for answers on how to bring virtually a resolution to that popicular skirmish. It has been a hot election topic among candidates of both the Re familiaran and Democratic parties in the United States. Some of the policy options presented stray from a short term commitment stay in Iraq to a long term commitment of about a hundred years of occupation. It is in this light that this paper would like to argue that conflict resolution strategies based on Kantian ideals provides the best hope for long term peaceableness in Iraq and the rest of the world.In this paper, two well- slamn works of Immanuel Kant entrust be utilized in order to provide the theoretical justification for possible conflict resolution strategies. These works include his classic Was ist Aufklarung? or What is Enlightenment? and Perpetual relaxation A Philosophical Sketch. These works confound generated much consequent discourses and interpretations. It will be argued here that these works provide an incisive critique regarding initial United States policy before the war in Iraq as well as the USs subsequent policy in trying to democratize Iraq.This paper also suggests that a utilization of Kants concept of republicanism and its proper masking can create the desired changes in the brassal systems in the Middle East. Such knowledge claims warrant a discussion of the ideas presented in Kants essays. Focault (1978) viewed Kants idea of enlightenment as a form of alleviatedom. Immaturity is the condition upon which man must break free. Immaturity takes place when we do not rehearse our powers of reason on how to deal with issues and instead incur lazy and substitute our craft to think with a reliance on figures of authority for their interpretation of the truth.Kant believes that it is the duty of an individual to seek enlightenment. According to Focault, Kant challenges each and every cardinal to becom e truly aware of the realities that surround us. This challenge is embodied in Kants famous motto Aude sapere which literally means have the courage to know. Analyzing the actions of the American government and its decision to wage war in Iraq and its subsequent involvement in the civil war that has ensued, sensation can argue that this happened that Kant himself would be dismayed that the channel to peace that he envisi iodind was not followed by the Americans.For one, they lack enlightenment. some(prenominal) of them did not challenge themselves to know the reality of the federal agency they were about to get themselves into. Many had just accepted the version of the truth that was foisted by the Bush Administration. When the US government said that they have solid evidence that there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, politicians from the two major parties accepted this and supported the decision to go to war in Iraq. some other thing is that they violated Kants preli minary article on perpetual peace that definitively prohibited interference in the internal affairs of another(prenominal) government.The only exception to this rule according to Kant is if the country had been split into two during a period of anarchy. Such was obviously not the initial case in Iraq prior to the second gulf war. Years later, no weapons of mass destruction were ever found while the war has claimed thousands of military and civilian casualties. The war continues with more or less daily incidents of bombings by militia forces. Such consequences could probably have been avoided had more people exhibited greater skepticism and not readily renounceed their power for judgment to a government that wanted to act so hastily.The American people cannot simply blame their government for misleading them towards becoming involved in the war in Iraq. If they think that the problem in Iraq is due only to the blunders committed by the present US government, they have to rethink that idea. Kant himself implies that if one is faced with such public situations, one must have the audacity to know the real situation and exert all possible efforts to achieve this enlightenment. Kant was convinced that one cannot evade ones responsibility to exercise his power of reason.The only time that a person can be allowed limited use of his reason is if he was part of a system that sets limitations on the things that he can do. One example would be that of a soldier who cannot exercise his power of reasoning vis-a-vis his commandant because the organization that he belongs to circumscribes the questioning that he can do. His ability to exercise courage to know the rationality behind his orders is therefore restricted. This distinction was made explicit by Kant when he described this situation as the submissive use of reason because the person is considered as a cog in a machine.This is not the case with the debate and subsequent actions on Iraq. This is because the situat ion can be considered as public in nature. When this happens, an individual must take advantage of the free exercise of reason. One must question the pronouncements made in order to distill the truth that is often obfuscated by partisan political interests. The failure to come upon weapons of mass destruction has been overshadowed by the now more pronounced goal of transforming Iraq into a viable democracy. Here again we can find useful the concept of enlightenment as espoused by Kant.The US government is trying to convince its citizens and people around the world that democracy can take root in Iraq even though it has for all intents and purposes externally imposed democracy upon the Iraqis. The US government points to the cases of post war Germany and Japan as examples of successful democratization efforts. Many American do not question if the conditions that were conducive to the democratization efforts at that time are present or if not could be replicated in the situation in I raq.Politicians try to peddle the idea that if they were successful before they could do it again in the case of Iraq. Again people around the world don witness to the immaturity being exhibited by many people in America. There must also be a realization that the achievement of peace in Iraq cannot be achieved in the short run. This is because it takes sometime for effort to move towards a republican idea to gain currency and become ingrained in the consciousness of individuals. The process of consolidating efforts toward achieving republicanism is likely to last for several decades.By all indications, this is the likely trajectory of the political situation in Iraq yet a big bucks of Americans are thinking that they should just get out rather quickly from the mess that they themselves started. This type of thinking I argue is another form of surrender to the ideas being peddled by some notable politicians without the benefit of subjecting such ideas to a rigorous theoretical and empirical analysis. It can be deduced from Kants Perpetual Peace that the solution to the war in Iraq lies in the adoption of republicanism. Republicanism is defined here as a form of government that is good example in character.The idea is that the representative character of a republican government makes it very difficulty to wage war upon another country. Peace is therefore indorsementd under this new political set-up. Thus, in a society that is plagued by civil war, often times it becomes expedient to resort to quick fixes for attaining temporary peace. The imposition of a political system is one such quick fix. This is what Kant warns us that methods of expediency omitting all reference to the pure practical reason, can only bring about a re-arrangement of circumstances in the mechanical course of nature.They can never guarantee the attainment of their ends. Sorli et al (2005) warns that the American strategy in Iraq is not about to significantly improve the political conditi ons in the Middle East as the Bush Administration envisions it to be. This issue becomes even more salient if you look at the double standard that the incumbent American government seems to apply in case of Iraq where it demands democracy while continuously supporting authoritarian regimes in the region that support their foreign policy (Sorli et.al, 2005,160). Americans think that just because Iraq now has a semblance of a pop government because of the creation of the US -sponsored parliamentary election, the Iraqis would immediately become partners in creating a world that is safe and that is bereft of war. This is a grossly mistaken concept because the process of becoming a democracy with a representative form of government has not been accepted by a significant portion of the population in that developing country.This view is also supported by Gartzke (2005) who issued a expression of caution that pushing countries to become democracies does not help create a stable and peace ful international community. Gartzke further adds that a multi-faceted approach is needed in order to generate the stability needed in a country that is undergoing regime change (Gartzke,2005,29). If there is to be peace in Iraq and for that country is to become a partner in fostering peace around the world, the initiative must come from its citizens to view the achievement of peace as their duty.The reason wherefore it is so important that the sense of duty must come from the Iraqi citizens is because of the likelihood of obedience to the principle of perpetual peace can be greatly increased if this were the case. If the Iraqi people see perpetual peace as their ultimate objective and if the government has the same ultimate objective then this would guarantee the obedience of the Iraqi citizens. Challenges to the new democratic government could be drastically reduced if such a shared vision of the future can be achieved among the different stakeholders in the situation in Iraq.Mor eover, Kant also believed that the republican set-up prevented wars from erupting between states. The reason for this was because the systemic structure of the republican government makes it difficult for people to be convinced to wage war especially if they have to bear the some of the costs that Kant himself identified namely cost of waging war, reconstructing after the war and limiting the capacity of the victor state for maintaining peace (Kant, 1795, accessed from www. constitution. org). It is also important the Iraqis view this goal as something that is realizable.Despite of the difficulties that may come along the way on the road towards improving their country, they must not waver. The benefits of republicanism go beyond the maintenance of peace and well into improving economic relations with similar countries. It has been suggested by Cox and Drury (2006) that the democratic peace also pays economic dividends for countries that have fully embraced the concept of republican ism. References References Cox, D. G and Drury, C. A. (2006) Democratic Sanctions Connecting the Democratic Peace and Economic Sanctions in Journal of Peace inquiry 43 (6) 709-722.Gartzke, Erik (2005). Economic Freedom and Peace in Economic Freedom of the World 2005 Annual Report chapter 2. Sorli, Mirjam E. Nils Petter Gledistch and Havard Strand (2005) Why is there so much conflict in the Middle East in Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (1) 141-165. Kant, Immanuel (1795) Perpetual Peace A Philoshophical Sketch. Retrieved April 01, 2008 from http//www. constitution. org/kant/perpeace. htm. Focault, Michel (1978). What is Enlightenment? Retrieved April 01, 2008 from http//philosophy. eserver. org/foucault/what-is-enlightenment. html.